Centre for European Policy (CEP): Planned introduction of EU Emissions Trading Scheme for road transport and buildings (EU-ETS 2/ETS2) in 2027, despite political pressure for modification or postponement (18 Member States calling for cap on price of emission allowances for fuel and gas heating at EUR 45 per tonne of CO2 or other changes), is indispensable for effective and cost-efficient reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). Weakening emissions trading mechanism would jeopardise Europe’s decarbonisation pathway, but stronger market-neutral compensation mechanisms – such as reinforced Social Climate Fund – could contribute to its smooth implementation and fair transition. Expected CO2 price signal to help reduce Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of zero-emission vehicles relative to fossil-fuelled alternatives. Study, citing Eurostat data, also pointed out that share of solid fossils (both lignite and hard coal) in residential final energy consumption in most EU countries in 2023 was less than 1%, but energy transition of residential sectors in Poland (20.61%), Czechia (6.67%), Ireland (2.87%) and Slovakia (1.28%) is in comparatively early stage